| a phonetic transcription written in kana phonetic transcriptions in kana |
| [katakana] a Japanese syllable character which mainly comprises a part of a Chinese character Japanese square syllabary / katakana / square Japanese characters |
| [hiragana] a Japanese syllabary letter made with the cursive style of \manyo-kana\ Japanese cursive syllabary / hiragana / Japanese cursive kana character |
| 1 | a person who has a concern in a particular matter everyone / everybody / everyone concerned / all concerned |
| 2 | [hoi polloi] many people in one area all the people in an area / everybody |
| 1 | [present] the present time the present / just now / at present / now / this time |
| 2 | [recently] recently nowadays / current / these days / today / present-day / contemporary |
| 1 | for a certain purpose, to make use of a tool make use of / operate / use / handle / bring into use / put to use |
| 2 | to perform an action by using an object use (a situation) as an excuse |
| 3 | something used as an ingredient or material to make or do something consume / do something by means of / make use of / use (something as a means of creating another thing) |
| 4 | [spend] to consume spend / consume |
| 5 | to skillfully manipulate something manipulate / handle / operate / manage |
| 6 | to make a person do a task use someone's services / take someone into one's service / have someone run errands / have someone perform work / order someone to do |
| 7 | to work with one's mind use one's brains / think / use one's head |
| to do something with deep committment heartily / [respect] intensely / profoundly / deeply |
| [textbook] a standard book used for the study of a particular subject, especially in schools schoolbook / textbook |
| 1 | [master] to acquire knowledge and skill through effort |
| 2 | to retain things in the mind |
| 3 | [feel] to start to feel something in one's mind |
| 1 | having no difficulty do not care / do not mind / may / can |
| 2 | [keen] wonderful right / enough / fine / No, thank you / pleasant / lovely / good / well / nice / comfortable |
| 3 | [appropriate] the condition of being suitable right / useful / good / proper / suitable |
| 4 | of something, being comfortable right / fine / pleasant / good / lovely / satisfying / great / well / nice / comfortable / all right |
| 5 | [expensive] the condition of being high in price precious / good price / costly / expensive / high price / valuable |
| the ideographic writing that was both created and developed in China Chinese ideograph / Chinese character / kanji |
| [Japan] a country called Japan Japan |
| [Japan] a country called Japan Japan |
| 1 | [great] the condition of being large in amount or degree large-scale / high / strong / enormous / big / noisy / big-hearted / tall / serious / huge / great / severe / heavy / loud / large |
| 2 | [vast] of a condition of space, boundlessly extensive large-scale / enormous / huge |
| 3 | of a degree, being excessive high / strong / great / severe / serious / heavy |
| 4 | [broad-mindedly] of a person, the state of being broad-minded big / big-hearted |
| 5 | [old] having lived or existed for a long time or long enough to show signs of age old |
| 1 | a newspaper newspaper / paper |
| 2 | [paper] a newspaper the press / newspaper / paper |
| 3 | [news] news |
| in Japan, a kanji included in the Joyo Kanji list of kanji for ordinary use commonly used Chinese characters / commonly used Chinese character |
| 1 | this topic this / this particular |
| 2 | this place this |
| 3 | of time, this next / these / last / coming |
| 1 | [tradition] a convention of former times that is still performed habit / way / custom / |
| 2 | [conventionality] a conventional practice, standard, or thing tradition / [public] custom / way / custom / practice / |
| 3 | a social custom habit / way / custom / |
| 1 | a past time of long ago old days / earlier times / from way back when / antiquity / for a long time / former times / bygones / long ago / former years / ancient times / old / the good old days / former / the past / olden times |
| 2 | [formerly] formerly in the old days / a long time ago / formerly / in the past / in ancient times / once upon a time |
| 3 | the past 10 or 12 years decades past |
| 1 | [matter] thing, matter thing / matter |
| 2 | [thing] an object article / thing / object / goods |
| 3 | [merchandise] articles for buying and selling |
| 1 | a word used when something that appeared earlier is repeatedly referred to that / it |
| 2 | this one this / this thing / this one |
| 3 | a demonstrative pronoun indicating proximity to a place this place / here |
| 4 | a demonstrative pronoun indicating proximity in time now |
| 5 | this person this / this person |
| 1 | to explain something give an account of / clarification / illustrate / explanation / render an account of / clarify / give an explanation of / explain / account for |
| 2 | [comment on] transmission of information (give explanation for) give an account of / [story] account / give an explanation of / explain / explanation / render an account of / account for |
| 1 | [enter] to enter a place step in [somewhere] / come in [somewhere] / walk in [somewhere] / go in [somewhere] / enter [somewhere] |
| 2 | [reach] to reach a certain condition or stage by going through a certain process |
| 3 | [include] to include be inclusive of / include |
| 1 | to return after going to do something in another place |
| 2 | to have continued a particular action or activity up to the present time |
| 3 | to do something little by little |
| 1 | [moment] a point of time when something happens moment / time |
| 2 | [period] period of time (period between two points in time) term / time / period |
| 3 | the notion of a period of time (not a point in time) time / period |
| 4 | the division of time the time / then |
| 5 | a specific moment in the continuous time hour / time |
| 6 | in nature, a season of the year season |
| 7 | [opportunity] the best time to do something opportunity / chance |
| 8 | [tense] of grammar, tense tense |
| 9 | a time signal tense |
| letters of an alphabet character (of a Chinese ideograph) / letter (of an alphabet) |
| 1 | writings written matter / passage / writing / composition / sentence |
| 2 | letters of an alphabet character / letter |
| [Chinese] a language named Chinese Chinese language |
| [pronunciation] pronunciation enunciation / pronunciation / articulation |
| 1 | [pronounce] to pronounce a word pronounce / enunciation / pronunciation / articulation / articulate / enunciate |
| 2 | [pronounce] to pronounce a word |
| [look] to appearance to be in a certain condition appear / seem / look |
| 1 | to read something written verbatim read out / read aloud |
| 2 | to compose poems write / compose |
| 3 | to pronounce the sound of a letter read / pronounce |
| 4 | to predict the course of events divine / see / forecast / read / tell / understand |
| 5 | to measure and count a quantity count |
| 6 | [read] to read read / pronounce |
| 7 | to perform storytelling tell [a story] |
| 8 | of in the Japanese game of shogi or go, to foretell several moves ahead read (one's opponent's moves) |
| let us give a concrete example e.g. / for example / for instance |
| 1 | [mountain] a very high hill, mountain mountain / hill |
| 2 | a very large amount of something mountain / pile / heap |
| 3 | a mine for the extraction of ore from the ground mine |
| 4 | the higher part of a thing crown / top / peak |
| 5 | the climax of an event apex / top / climax / peak / high point |
| 6 | a case of crime crime / offense |
| 7 | little success venture / speculation |
| 8 | a festival float mounted with a decorative halberd, called \yamaboko\ mountain-shaped festival float |
| 9 | speculative action venture / gamble / long shot / speculation |
| 1 | [China] a country called China China |
| 2 | a central part of a country Center part of a country |
| 3 | successive dynasties which appeared in the eastern part of the Asian continent Kan Dynasties |
| 4 | the Chugoku District of Japan Chugoku / Chugoku District |
| 5 | the capital city in which the emperor is located capital city |
| 6 | a country which plays a central role among many countries leading country |
| 1 | of the weather, raining rain / rainy weather / wet weather / raining |
| 2 | [rainwater] thing formed by atmospheric phenomena (rain) rain / rainwater / rainfall / drop of rain / raindrops |
| 3 | [shower] a large number of things pouring down shower / rain / hail |
| 1 | [Japanese] a Japanese person the Japanese people / the Japanese / Japanese / Japanese national / Japanese citizen |
| 2 | people with Japanese citizenship the Japanese people / the Japanese / Japanese people / Japanese / Japanese national / Japanese citizen |
| 1 | that that |
| 2 | [that] not named or described but taken as known that / it |
| 3 | a word used to refer to something previously mentioned that / it |
| 4 | [then] those days that time / those days / then |
| 5 | a demonstrative pronoun denoting a future or previous time that time / then |
| 6 | a demonstrative pronoun denoting a place not near the speaker there / that place |
| 1 | the sound \u\ in the Japanese syllabary the sound \u\ in the Japanese syllabary / #3 u |
| 2 | [spine] the spine of a book back / spine / binding |
| 3 | [cormorant] a seabird, called a cormorant cormorant / coal goose |
| to read phonetically read phonetically |
| 1 | [become] to become a certain condition turn / form / come / grow / total / make / become / get / bring in / be / come to / amount to / go / fall / run |
| 2 | of something, to result in being successfully accomplished come / end in / prove / result in / turn out |
| 3 | to be able to endure stand / put up with / bear |
| 4 | for an event or action to be organized be composed of / be formed of / consist of / be made up of |
| 5 | [sound] change in sound (make a sound) sound / peal / [alarm clock] go off / ring |
| 1 | a part which becomes most interesting climax / peak / high point |
| 2 | the point at which one's prediction seems to prove right gambling / speculation / guess |
| 3 | [token] a sign of something point / mark |
| 4 | [conjecture] to form a judgement without knowing or considering all the facts gambling / speculation / guess |
| 5 | [gambling] a game in which money or things are bet gambling / speculation / guess |
| 1 | [lure] a bait or lure to ensnare someone in a dangerous situation |
| 2 | [amber] the color of amber |
| 3 | [candy] a confectionery called candy |
| 1 | [statement] thoughts and knowledge expressed in words word / writing / remark / speech / statement / what one says / description / expression |
| 2 | [phrasing] wording way of speaking / language / way to talk / tone (of speech) / wording / way of saying / expression |
| 3 | [part] in a story, sections of dialogue dialogue |
| 4 | a way of pronouncing words way of speaking / way to talk / pronunciation |
| 5 | the sound that a person hears when they speak word / sound |
| 6 | in a story, parts treated as dialogue by the story teller narration / dialogue |
| 7 | language word |
| 8 | words word |
| 1 | [represent] of a mark, to indicate something symbolize / represent / signify / stand for |
| 2 | [show] to show or express one's feeling or opinions, naturally display / give expression to / [express unconsciously] betray [an emotion] / express / show / reflect / manifest |
| 3 | [image] something that is a representation of an abstract thing symbolize / show / represent / signify / stand for / indicate |
| 4 | of a figure, to be made visible display / appear / present oneself / express / show / emerge / turn up / reflect / indicate / manifest |
| [powder] powder powder |
| 1 | of the occurrence of something, at that period that is towards the final or end of something at the end of / lastly / in the end / in conclusion of |
| 2 | [end] the end of something finally / at last / finish / top / end / close / after / termination / tip |
| 1 | the period from evening to morning [nighttime] darkness / [nighttime] dark / nighttime / night |
| 2 | during the night by night / in the night / on the night of |
| 1 | time between sunset and sunrise [nighttime] darkness / [nighttime] dark / nighttime / night |
| 2 | [nocturnally] at night at night |
| 1 | a hemp thread linen thread / hemp yarn |
| 2 | [flax] a type of cloth made from the flax plant linen / hemp cloth / flax |
| 3 | a plant called hemp hemp |
| [flattery] the act of flattering a person and making them feel proud fawn upon / be obsequious to / flatter |
| [U.S.] a country called U.S. American / the United States / the States / North and South America / U.S.A. / America / the United states of America |
| 1 | [cheap] the condition of being cheap in price cheap / low / economical / low-priced / inexpensive / moderately-priced / of low price |
| 2 | [negligent] to be careless and negligent about something imprudent / reckless / indiscreet / slovenly / inconsiderate / rash / careless / thoughtless / hasty / negligent / slack / too ready to do |
| 1 | a female person woman / female / women |
| 2 | [woman] a woman woman / non-virgin / women / female |
| 3 | the face and figure of a woman (female) figure / female body shape / (female) body / female face and figure / female figure |
| 4 | [whore] a prostitute prostitute / sweetheart / harlot / hooker / callgirl / whore / mistress |
| 5 | a maidservant maidservant / maid / (female) servant |
| 1 | [draw up] of a thing or person, to hold a position firmly so that separation does not seem possible get / acquire |
| 2 | [resolve] to decide definitely decide / make an end to / conclude / settle |
| 3 | [don] to put on clothes and accessories wear / put on |
| 4 | to add something to the main thing append / attach / add |
| a Chinese character used as a phonetic symbol, called a 'manyo-gana' Chinese character used as a phonetic symbol |
| 1 | [express] to put into words put into words / express / say |
| 2 | to express beyond description / if one may say so / express / so to speak / say / inexpressible / put in words |
| 3 | [call] of animals, to make a sound (animal) cry / [horse]neigh / (animal) yelp / [sheep, goat] bleat / [cat] meow / [cow, ox] moo / [pig] grunt / [horse] whinny / [donkey] bray / [dog] bark / [sheep, goat] baa / (animal) whine / [pig] squeal |
| 4 | [pronounce] to pronounce a word articulate / pronounce / say / speak / enunciate |
| 5 | [sound] to produce a sound make a sound / produce a sound |
| 1 | [be up to *something] action having to do with progress of action or matter (be able to do thing) |
| 2 | to be completed |
| 3 | [create] of a new thing, to start |
| 1 | [that] not named or described but taken as known that / her / the same / [man] he / |
| 2 | of something, being near the person the speaker is addressing that |
| 1 | [manner] one's way of doing something manner / way / in charge / method / how / one's way of / in charge of / how to |
| 2 | a person who has a relationship to something a person in charge / someone in charge of |
| 3 | a term meaning doing something to do |
| 4 | a phrase that indicates where a person lodges c.o. |
| 5 | a group that one belongs to party / side |
| 6 |
| 7 | [method] a method |
| 1 | [dash] a little bit a little / a tiny bit / slightly |
| 2 | for a short while for a second / for a moment / for a little while |
| 1 | [different] of the nature of substance of something, a condition of differing from others not correspond with / vary / be not the same one as [the thing] / be a different thing / No |
| 2 | [mistake] to make a mistake be wrong / be mistaken / be incorrect / be in error |
| 3 | [derangement] to fall into an abnormal mental state go abnormal / go unusual / go mad |
| 4 | [cross] to pass up while intersecting cross / cut |
| 5 | [different] a condition of being different vary / contrary to / differ from / [answer of denial] No / be different / be different from / not |
| 1 | a religious facility called a temple Buddhist temple / temple |
| 2 | a person who works and lives at a temple chief priest of a Buddhist temple |
| 3 | the act of not returning anything when one gets a gift from others make no return call / one-way receiving / return no compliment / temple-mentality |
| 4 | [monk] a Buddhist priest priest / bonze |
| 1 | a word to indicate politeness |
| 2 | a word added to the beginning of a noun to convey politeness and/or respect |
| 3 | a word to indicate modesty |
| 4 | a word to indicate friendliness |
| 5 | a word to indicate politeness |
| 6 | a word to indicate politeness |
| 7 | a word to indicate modesty |
| 8 | a word to indicate modesty |
| 9 | a word to softly indicate a command |
| 10 | a word added to the beginning of a noun to convey politeness and/or respect |
| 1 | [monk] a Buddhist priest priest / Buddhist priest / monk / bonze |
| 2 | [boy] a boy sonny / my little boy / my son |
| to start to do start doing / begin to do / fall to [crying] / set about |
| 1 | a word used to express a plural number |
| 2 | a word used to express a plural number -s |
| 1 | [import] the act of importing goods from other countries importation / import something / import |
| 2 | bringing something in / carry something in / carrying something in / bring something in |
| [Buddhism] a religion named Buddhism Buddhism |
| 1 | [volume] publications reading / volume / work / book / script |
| 2 | [base] the basis of something basis / foundation / ground |
| 1 | something that is the cause of the occurrence of something else cause / origin / root cause |
| 2 | in business, capital seed money / investment / capital funds |
| 3 | [base] the basis of something the root / beginning / base / genesis / rise / basis / cause / source / foundation / origin |
| 4 | a base part of a plant base (of a tree) / root |
| 5 | raw material raw materials / base / base (ingredients) / material / raw ingredients |
| 6 | a state which something used to be in the way things were originally |
| 7 | an original form of something |
| 1 | to work hard at one's studies or job make an effort / work / work hard / strive / effort |
| 2 | [study] to be engaged in learning (one or many topics) |
| 3 | to sell at a reduced price give a discount / giving a discount / selling at a reduced price / sell something at a low price / selling at a low price / sell something at a reduced price / sell something cheap / discount / selling cheap |
| [spacing] an interlinear space in printed matter space between the lines |
| 1 | [reading] the way that a sentence is read and understood reading |
| 2 | in a Japanese lesson, the educational method of understanding the language through reading reading / reading comprehension |
| 3 | a subject called reading lesson reading lesson / reading |
| 1 | [teacher] a person who is a teacher teacher / instructor / professor |
| 2 | a person born earlier than oneself, who may be referred to as one's senior one's senior / one's elder |
| 3 | person defined by personal relation (person from whom one receives or received instruction; teacher, guide) instructor / one's mentor / one's teacher / professor / master |
| 4 | [chief] the role of guiding and instructing someone coach / guide / leader / master |
| 5 | the occupation of a person called teacher teacher / instructor / professor |
| 6 | a personal pronoun for a respectable person |
| 1 | to put down letters, marks or other symbols in writing write |
| 2 | to draw pictures and figures [paint] paint / [words] write / |
| [Italy] a country called Italy Italian / Italy |
| 1 | [division] any of the parts into which something may be cut or divided; a section part / a section / section / a portion / a part / portion |
| 2 | [feck] a part of something part / a section / section / a portion / a part / portion |
| 3 | a set of books a set of books / a full set of books / one's complete works |
| 4 | one copy of something a book / a volume / a copy |
| 5 | the day session of a Japanese university day school / day classes |
| 1 | [A] a musical scale named 'A' A |
| 2 | [rush] a plant called rush rush / Juncus effusus |
| condition which is convenient facility / serviceableness / handiness / convenience / expediency |
| 1 | [handy] of something, to be useful and simple to use convenient / serviceable / easy to use / conveniently / useful / handy / handily / serviceably |
| 2 | [convenient] convenient to use convenient / serviceable / easy to use / conveniently / useful / handy / handily / serviceably |
| 3 | [convenient] conveniently located convenient / serviceable / practical / useful / handy / seviceably / handily / usefully / practically |
| to establish a certain matter as a foundation |
| being large in amount or quantity lots of / many / plenty of / a great deal of / a great number of / quite a few / much / abound / a lot of |
| [essential] in many things, very important chief / main / principal / central / centrally |
| 1 | [apple of the eye] an important matter chief concern / important matter / principal thing / important thing / main concern / the first concern / main thing / the first consideration |
| 2 | [marse] person defined by personal relation (person who is served by another such as lord, master etc.) [spouse] husband / one's employer / one's master / host / master / one's husband [family] |
| 3 | [Jehovah] in Christianity, God as the creator of all nature Jehovah / God / the Lord |
| 4 | a person's lord one's lord / lord |
| 5 | God who created all the things in nature Jehovah / God / the Lord |
| 1 | a female person woman / female / womanly / feminine / [plural] women |
| 2 | the female sex the feminine gender / feminization / womanish / sexism / the women's liberation movement / |
| 1 | [starting point] the starting point or beginning of something |
| 2 |
| a style in which a Chinese character may be written, called cursive style the fully cursive style of Chinese characters |
| something written in the ancient Japanese 'manyogana' syllabary, using the cursive 'grass hand' style kana / kana written in the cursive style |
| [kana] Japan's own phonetic symbols katakana / kana / Japanese syllabary |
| 1 | a name that is used temporarily during a time in which it is important to conceal one's real identity nom de plume / false name / pen name / alias / assumed name / fictitious name |
| 2 | [pseudonym] to use an assumed name instead of one's real name using a false name / using an alias / using a fictitious name / using an assumed name |
| [still] even more or even less moreover / more / furthermore |
| 1 | evaluation of matter from point of view of subject (be easy, simple or cause little difficulty) without the slightest difficulty / easily / simple / simply / easy |
| 2 | [lucid] clear; easily understood plainly / easily / simple / plain / simply / easily understandable / understandably / easy |
| 3 | [unadorned] of a condition, plain and simple plainly / simple / plain / simply |
| [dictionary] a reference book providing a list of words in some stated order, with their forms, pronunciations, meaning and uses glossary / dictionary |
| 1 | [sense] meanings in speech or action sense / meaning / significance |
| 2 | the value of something worth / value / merit |
| 3 | [circumstances] detailed conditions of a thing reason / explanation / details / cause / particulars |
| 4 | [foundation] the basis on which something is grounded reason / basis / cause / foundation / grounds |
| [imply] to express indirectly; to suggest purport / signify / connote / imply / mean |
| [mostly] mainly mainly / primarily / chiefly / principally |
| 1 | a literary art form written art / literary art / literature |
| 2 | [novel] a literary work named a novel literature |
| 3 | a field of discipline that studies literature literature |
| 4 | general name for a branch of learning, called letters scholarship / learning / literature / study |
| 1 | the whole area of the world the earth / the planet / world-wide / the world / international |
| 2 | the sphere that concerns a certain thing scope / realm / sphere / the world / circle |
| 3 | the public / life / worlds / one's environment / sphere / the world / society / whole world |
| 4 | the entire space that a piece of creative art comprises atmosphere |
| 5 | [corps] organized body of people (group united with common goal) the world / circle / society |
| 6 | according to Buddhism, the place in which all living organisms exist universe (in Buddhistic thought) / cosmos |
| 7 | the universe universe / space / cosmos |
| to read a sentence and understand its meaning comprehend / read and understand |
| 1 | training / train / practice / drill / exercise |
| 2 | to pursue one's studies or skills mastering / learn / train / practice / learning / drill / master |
| what kind of what / what kind of |
| word referring to person (interrogative indicating who or which person; what person, which person, who) who / whom / which person |
| word referring to person (interrogative indicating who or which person; what person, which person, who) who / whom / which person |
| an indefinite demonstrative pronoun denoting a thing or an event what |
| 1 | [something] something that is not specified what / whatever / something |
| 2 | an indefinite demonstrative pronoun denoting a thing or an event what |
| where what place / where |